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Frugal innovation or frugal engineering is the process of reducing the complexity and cost of a good and its production. Usually this refers to removing nonessential features from a durable good, such as a car or phone, in order to sell it in developing countries. Designing products for such countries may also call for an increase in durability and, when selling the products, reliance on unconventional distribution channels.〔 Sold to so-called "overlooked consumers", firms hope volume will offset razor-thin profit margins. Globalization〔Bhatti, Yasser Ahmad, Khilji, Shaista E and Basu, Radha. 2013. Frugal Innovation. In S. Khilji & C. Rowley (eds). Globalization, Change and Learning in South Asia. Oxford, UK: Chandos Publishing.〕 and rising incomes in developing countries may also drive frugal innovation. Such services and products need not be of inferior quality but must be provided cheaply. In May 2012 ''The Financial Times'' newspaper called the concept "increasingly fashionable".〔Crabtree, James. "More with less." ''FT.com''. May 19, 2012.〕 In 2014, Navi Radjou delivered a talk at TED Global〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Navi Radjou: Creative problem solving in the face of extreme limits. )〕 on frugal innovation. In 2015, Navi Radjou and Jaideep Prabhu coauthored the book ''Frugal Innovation: How to Do More With Less〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Frugal Innovation – How to Do More With Less. )〕 published worldwide by The Economist. The book explains the principles, perspectives and techniques behind frugal innovation, enabling managers to profit from the great changes ahead. Several US universities have programs that develop frugal solutions. Such efforts include the Frugal Innovation Lab at Santa Clara University and a two quarter project course at Stanford University, the Entrepreneurial Design for Extreme Affordability program.〔For Santa Clara University's lab, see (【引用サイトリンク】 title=About Frugal Innovation ) *For Stanford University's course, see 〕 More recently, programs in development engineering have emerged; these additionally focus on engineering around the institutional and environmental constraints commonly found in developing countries. ==Variety of terms== Many terms are used to refer to the concept. "Frugal engineering" was coined by Carlos Ghosn, the joint chief of Renault and Nissan, who stated, "frugal engineering is achieving more with fewer resources." In India, the words "Gandhian" or "''jugaad''", Hindi for a stop-gap solution, are sometimes used instead of "frugal". Other terms with allied meanings include "inclusive innovation", "catalytic innovation", "reverse innovation", and "BOP innovation", etc.〔Bhatti, Yasser Ahmad and Ventresca, Marc. 2012. The Emerging Market for Frugal Innovation: Fad, Fashion, or Fit? (January 15, 2012) Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2005983〕 At times this no frills approach can be a kind of disruptive innovation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「frugal innovation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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